Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Table of Contents; Preface; Abbreviations; About the Author; Introduction; Chapter 1 Why Enhanced Oil Recovery?; 1.1. What Is a Reservoir?; 1.2. Hydrocarbon Recovery Mechanisms; 1.2.1. Anecdote; 1.3. Definitions of IOR and EOR; 1.4. What Controls Oil Recovery?; 1.5. Classification and Description of EOR Processes; 1.5.1. Thermal Processes; 1.5.2. Chemical Processes; 1.5.3. Miscible Processes; 1.6. Why EOR? Cost, Reserve Replacement, and Recovery Factors; References; Chapter 2 Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods; 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Chemical EOR Methods
2.2.1. Polymer Flooding2.2.2. High-Viscosity Polymer Slugs; 2.2.3. Surfactant-Polymer (SP); 2.2.3.1. Surfactants; 2.2.3.2. Field Cases; 2.2.4. Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding (ASP); 2.2.4.1. Theory; 2.2.4.2. Laboratory Studies; 2.2.4.3. Economics; 2.2.4.4. Field Cases; 2.2.5. Other Chemical Methods; 2.2.5.1. Gels vs. Polymer Injection; 2.2.5.2. Colloidal Dispersion Gels; 2.2.5.3. Microgels and Nanogels; 2.2.5.4. Relative Permeability Modifiers (RPM); References; Chapter 3 Polymer Flooding; 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Concept; 3.2.1. Fractional Flow; 3.2.2. Polymer Flooding Applicability
3.2.3. Timing3.3. Envelope of Application; 3.3.1. History; 3.3.2. Reservoir Prescreening; 3.3.2.1. Lithology; 3.3.2.2. Wettability; 3.3.2.3. Current Oil Saturation; 3.3.2.4. Porosity Type; 3.3.2.5. Gas Cap; 3.3.2.6. Aquifer; 3.3.2.7. Salinity/Hardness; 3.3.2.8. Dykstra-Parsons; 3.3.2.9. Clays; 3.3.2.10. Water-cut; 3.3.2.11. Flooding Pattern and Spacing; 3.4. Conclusions; References; Chapter 4 Polymers; 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Polyacrylamide
Generalities; 4.2.1. Introduction; 4.2.2. Monomers; 4.2.2.1. Acrylamide; 4.2.2.2. Acrylic Acid; 4.2.2.3. ATBS; 4.2.2.4. N-Vinylpyrrolidone
4.2.3. Polymerization Processes4.2.3.1. Gel Polymerization Process; 4.2.3.2. Inverse Emulsion Polymerization Process; 4.3. Polymer Selection Guidelines; 4.3.1. Generalities; 4.3.1.1. Polymer Form; 4.3.1.2. Polymer Chemistry; 4.3.1.3. Polymer Molecular Weight; 4.3.2. Polymer Selection; 4.3.2.1. Molecular Weight; 4.3.3. Other Polymer Families; 4.3.3.1. Associative Polymers; 4.3.3.2. Thermoresponsive Polymers; 4.4. Polymer Characteristics and Rheology; 4.4.1. Viscosity; 4.4.1.1. Generalities; 4.4.2. Rheology; 4.4.3. Solubility; 4.5. Polymer Stability; 4.5.1. Chemical Degradation; 4.5.1.1. Oxygen
4.5.1.2. Iron4.5.1.3. Protection from Chemical Degradation; 4.5.2. Mechanical Degradation; 4.5.3. Thermal Degradation; 4.5.4. Improving Polymer Stability; 4.6. Laboratory Evaluations; 4.6.1. Solubility and Filterability; 4.6.1.1. Solubility; 4.6.1.2. Filterability; 4.6.2. Viscosity; 4.6.3. Shear Resistance; 4.6.4. Screen Factor; 4.6.5. Long-Term Stability; 4.6.6. Compatibility Tests; 4.6.7. Core Flooding; 4.6.7.1. Generalities; 4.6.7.2. Equipment and Tips for Injection; 4.6.8. Quality Control; 4.6.9. Heath, Safety, and Environment; 4.6.9.1 Product Handling
