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1) The Poetics
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Greek philosopher and scientist, Aristotle, lived in the 4th century B.C. and is thought of as one of the most important figures from classical antiquity. Aristotle was probably the most famous member of Plato's Academy in Athens, whose writings would ultimately form the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. His writings were not constrained to simply one field of inquiry but covered such various subjects as physics, biology, metaphysics,...
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OUR next task is to study coming-to-be and passing-away. We are to distinguish the causes, and to state the definitions, of these processes considered in general, as changes predicable uniformly of all the things that come-to-be and pass-away by nature. Further, we are to study growth and 'alteration'. We must inquire what each of them is; and whether 'alteration' is to be, identified with coming-to-be, or whether to these different names there correspond...
3) The politics
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The Politics is one of the most influential texts in the history of political thought, and it raises issues which still confront anyone who wants to think seriously about the ways in which human societies are organized and governed. By examining the way societies are run--from households to city states--Aristotle establishes how successful constitutions can best be initiated and upheld. For this edition, Sir Ernest Barker's fine translation, which...
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Ancient accounts of Aristotle credit him with 170 Constitutions of various states; it is widely assumed that these were research for the Politics, and that many of them were written or drafted by his students. Athens, however, was a particularly important state, and where Aristotle was living at the time; it is plausible that, even if students did the others, Aristotle did that one himself, and possible that it was, intended as, a model for the rest....
5) Poetics
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The work "poetics" was created by Classical Greek polymath, known as the founder of classical logic, Aristotle (384-322 BC). Aristotle is the greatest of philosophers of the ancient world, whose authority was unshakeable in the Middle Ages too, when the church rejected all heritage of ancient Greece as a pagan one. In his philosophical conception there already were many elements of materialism.
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"All men by nature are actuated with the desire of knowledge," declared Aristotle. The philosopher's works are foundational to the history of science, and his treatise on metaphysics, or "first philosophy," is divided into sections on previous philosophical thought and theories; a refutation of skepticism; a demonstration of God's existence; an examination of the relation of metaphysics to the other sciences; an elucidation of the nature of the infinite;...
7) Ethics
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The Ethics of Aristotle is one half of a single treatise of which his Politics is the other half. Both deal with one and the same subject. This subject is what Aristotle calls in one place the 'philosophy of human affairs;' but more frequently Political or Social Science. In the two works taken together we have their author's whole theory of human conduct or practical activity, that is, of all human activity which is not directed merely to knowledge...
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THE science which has to do with nature clearly concerns itself for the most part with bodies and magnitudes and their properties and movements, but also with the principles of this sort of substance, as many as they may be. For of things constituted by nature some are bodies and magnitudes, some possess body and magnitude, and some are principles of things which possess these. Now a continuum is that which is divisible into parts always capable of...
9) Aristotle's Politics: Writings from the Complete Works: Politics, Economics, Constitution of Athens
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Jonathan Barnes taught at the universities of Oxford, Geneva, and Paris-Sorbonne. He has published extensively on ancient philosophy and is the editor of The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation (Princeton). Melissa Lane is professor of politics at Princeton University and the author of The Birth of Politics (Princeton).
Aristotle was the first philosopher in the Western tradition to address politics systematically and empirically,...
10) Categories
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The Categories is a text from Aristotle's Organon that enumerates all the possible kinds of things that can be the subject or the predicate of a proposition. They are "perhaps the single most heavily discussed of all Aristotelian notions". The work is brief enough to be divided, not into books as is usual with Aristotle's works, but into fifteen chapters. The Categories places every object of human apprehension under one of ten categories (known to...
11) On the Soul
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Written in 350 BC, Aristotle's "De Anima" or "On the Soul" is not a work on spirituality, as the title would suggest, but rather a work that could be described as one of biopsychology, or a work on the subject of psychology from a biological perspective. Aristotle's exposition centers on the soul. Aristotle's soul however is not the same as the common modern spiritual conception of something distinct from the body that lives on past death. Rather...
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We have, in the next place, to treat of Memory and Remembering, considering its nature, its cause, and the part of the soul to which this experience, as well as that of Recollecting, belongs. For the persons who possess a retentive memory are not identical with those who excel in power of recollection; indeed, as a rule, slow people have a good memory, whereas those who are quick-witted and clever are better at recollecting.
16) Rhetoric
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Written sometime in the 4th Century BC, Aristotle's "Rhetoric" is the definitive treatise on the art of persuasive public speaking. The art of oratorical persuasion was an essential skill for the successful politician during the days of ancient Greece and Aristotle's "Rhetoric" is considered one of the greatest works from antiquity on the subject. Like many of the surviving works attributable to Aristotle, "Rhetoric" was not intended for public dissemination,...
17) Topics
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Our treatise proposes to find a line of inquiry whereby we shall be able to reason from opinions that are generally accepted about every problem propounded to us, and also shall ourselves, when standing up to an argument, avoid saying anything that will obstruct us. First, then, we must say what reasoning is, and what its varieties are, in order to grasp dialectical reasoning: for this is the object of our search in the treatise before us.
18) Metafísica
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La Metafísica, uno de los tratados fundamentales de Aristóteles (384-322 a. C.), tuvo como génesis un conjunto de escritos independientes, cuya finalidad original era sobre todo educativa. Así pues, por su naturaleza, la Metafísica no puede considerarse tanto la exposición de un sistema perfectamente acabado como una obra que aborda diferentes temas a lo largo de catorce libros. No obstante, su concepción integral acaba dando a luz la ciencia...
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Let us now discuss sophistic refutations, i.e. what appear to be refutations but are really fallacies instead. Some reasonings are genuine, while others seem to be so but are not, is evident. This happens with arguments, as also elsewhere, through a certain likeness between the genuine and the sham.
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